Bronze Age
The discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal
objects which were better than previously possible. Tools, weapons, armor, and
various building materials, like decorative tiles, made of bronze were harder and more
durable than their stone and copper ("Chalcolithic") predecessors. Initially bronze was made out of copper
and arsenic to form arsenic bronze, or directly from naturally or artificially mixed ores of
those. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the sole type of major
non-copper ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was
superior to arsenic bronze in that the alloying process itself could more
easily be controlled and the alloy was stronger and easier to cast. Also, unlike arsenic, tin is not toxic.
The earliest tin-alloy bronzes date to the late 4th
millennium BC in Susa (Iran) and some ancient sites in China, Luristan (Iran) and Mesopotamia(Iraq).[citation
needed]
Though bronze is generally harder than wrought iron, with Vickers hardness of 60–258[6] vs. 30–80,[7] the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age because iron was easier to find and to process into a
poor grade of metal; although it can be made into higher grades, doing that
takes significantly more effort and skill. Bronze was still used during the
Iron Age.
There are many different bronze alloys but modern bronze is
typically 88% copper and 12% tin.[10] Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are
used to make coins, springs, turbines and blades. Historical "bronzes" are highly
variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap was
on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English Gloucester Candlestick is bronze containing a mixture of copper,
zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic with an unusually large amount
of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle.
The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made from a
hoard of old coins.
Bronze statues
Indian Hindu artisans from the period of the Chola empire in Tamil Nadu, used bronze to create intricate statues via the lost wax casting method with ornate detailing depicting the Gods
of Hinduism mostly, but also the lifestyle of the
period. The art form survives to this day, with many silpis, craftsmen, working
in the areas of Swamimalai and Chennai.
The Assyrian king Sennacherib (704-681BC) claims to have been the first to cast
monumental bronze statues (of up to 30 tonnes) using two-part moulds instead of
the lost-wax method.
In antiquity other cultures also produced works of high art using bronze. For example: in Africa, the bronze heads
of the Kingdom of Benin; in Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures fromGreek mythology; in east Asia, Chinese bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasty — more often ceremonial vessels but including some
figurine examples.
Bronze continues into modern times as one of the materials of
choice for monumental statuary.
Bronze Age
Good morning, teacher and my
friends. My name is Areena Uma. Today, I would like to talk about Bronze Age in
Greece. They used knife, spear and sword for hunting. Bronze Age began about
6,000 – 2,800 years ago. The people lived about 500,000 in the Bronze Age.
Bronze Age was amazing because human lived in the small society and use many
tools for hunting. People could live for fifty years old.
In Bronze
Age, there were technologies for to live. People constructed building with stone.
Tools and weapons were made from metal. Humans in Bronze Age used technology for hunting such as ax or
spear. Making pottery such as several pots, dish. Using shell and bone for
decorating such as bracelet, small beads. Human lived in the cave and nearly
the river.
Aristotle
was a famous person who lived in ancient Greece. His writings cover many subjects. Aristotle
is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.
Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system.
They lived in the village and in the city. His
works contain the earliest known formal study of logic.
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